Everywhere you look, people are looking at screens, and then half an hour has gone by before they realize it.
Researchers at the University of Washington conducted in-depth interviews to learn why we can’t stop checking our phones. They found a series of reasons, common across age groups, that start and end habitual smartphone use. Hiniker and her team interviewed three groups of smartphone users: high school students, college students and adults who have graduated from college. The 39 interviewees were smartphone users in the Seattle area between the ages of 14 and 64.
In general, interviewees had four common reasons for using their phones:
■During unoccupied moments, like waiting for a friend to show up.
■Before or during boring and repetitive tasks.
■When in socially awkward situations.
■When they are expecting a message.
The group also had common reasons that ended their phone use:
■Meeting competing needs from the real world, like meeting up with a friend or needing to drive somewhere.
■Realizing that they had been on their phones for half an hour.
■Coming across content they’d already seen.
The team was surprised to find that the reasons were the same across age groups. "This doesn't mean that teens use their phones the same way adults do. But I think this desire to turn back to your phone plays out the same way across all these groups. The high school students would say ‘Anytime I have a dead moment, if I have one minute between classes I pull out my phone. ' And the adults would say 'Anytime I have one dead moment, if I have one minute between seeing patients at work. I pull out my phone.’”
【小题1】When is a man most likely to use his smartphone?A.When he is talking with a friend. |
B.When he is late for a friend’s party. |
C.When he is given a challenging task. |
D.When he is taking the lift with a stranger. |
A.They liked to read the same thing again. |
B.They used smartphones in the same way. |
C.They used smartphones nonstop for a long time. |
D.They shared the same reasons for smartphone use. |
A.Influence of Smartphone Addiction. |
B.Ways to Stop Smartphone Addiction. |
C.Difference in Smartphone Use across Age Groups. |
D.Research on the Strong Desire for Smartphone Use. |
Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it?” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach.
“AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”
Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches.
Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”
【小题1】Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because ________.A.humanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethics |
B.it demonstrates the power of anticipatory governance |
C.AI ethics heavily depends on technological solutions |
D.it can avoid social conflicts and pressing issues |
A.adopt a systematic approach | B.apply innovative technologies |
C.anticipate ethical risks beforehand | D.establish accountability mechanisms |
A.More companies will use AI to attract top talent. |
B.Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future. |
C.Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values. |
D.Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy. |
Social media, magazines and shop windows bombard(轰炸) people daily with things to buy. Online shopping means it is easy for customers to buy without thinking, while major brands offer such cheap clothes that they can be treated like disposable(—次性的) items.
In Britain, the average person spends more than £1,000 on new clothes a year, which is around four percent of their income.
People might not realize they are part of the disposable clothing problem because they donate their unwanted clothes to charities.
A.That figure may not sound like much to people. |
B.But charity shops can't sell all those unwanted clothes. |
C.The British people are deeply shocked by the unexpected statistics. |
D.Individuals can make a great difference in recycling these unwanted clothes. |
E.However, a ‘buy nothing' trend is springing up in opposition to consumerism. |
F.All these have contributed to British consumers' buying more clothes than ever before. |
G.Also, not only are people spending money they don't have, they' re using it to buy things they don't need. |
When people think of word innovators throughout history, male writers likely come to mind. Shakespeare is credited with inventing more than 1,700 words, including “bedroom”, “courtship” and “swagger”. Charles Dickens is said to have first used the words “butterfingers” and “doormat”, and Dr. Seuss reportedly came up with “nerd”.
But despite contributions from famous writers, historians say another group has an even greater impact on the development of language: teenage girls. Women lead up to 90 percent of linguistic (语言的) changes, as sociolinguist William Labov observed in the early 2000s. In fact, he wrote, women are often linguistically ahead of men “by a full generation”.
Now women are leading the charge online. Though Oxford University Press’2023 word of the year, “rizz”, meaning charm, was coined by a man, several runners-up, including “situationship” and “swiftie” were inspired or first used by women. The term “goblin mode”, which refers to lazy behavior, was Oxford’s 2022 word of the year and appears to have been first used by a woman on Twitter in 2009.
It’s often impossible to tell who first used new words. But whether or not young girls invent new phrases, they are more likely to be early adopters of the latest lingo (术语), says University of Toronto linguist Sali Tagliamonte, “They’re pushing changes forward.”
There are a handful of possible reasons why girls lead lexical (词汇的) innovation. According to Gretchen McCulloch, author of Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language, women tend to be more socially aware. They have larger social circles and may be exposed to more language diversity. And because women tend to be caregivers, boys usually learn language from their mothers, whereas women and girls learn words from other women.
【小题1】Why does the author mention some words coined by male writers?A.To compare male and female writers. |
B.To introduce some well-known writers. |
C.To lead in the topic to be talked about. |
D.To put forward a point to be proved. |
A.Rizz. | B.Situationship. | C.Swiftie. | D.Goblin mode. |
A.Dr. Seuss. | B.William Labov. |
C.Sali Tagliamonte. | D.Gretchen McCulloch. |
A.New Words Are Added to English Dictionaries |
B.Female Teens Take a Lead in Linguistic Changes |
C.Women Are More Sensitive to Language Diversity |
D.New Terms Make Communication More Colorful |
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