Venice is suffering the worst flooding the city has experienced in 50 years. The city is “on its knees” and Venetian Mayor Luigi Brugnaro tweeted as water submerged (淹没) much of the famous historical city.

While floods are a normal part of life in Venice, they have never happened with such frequency before. Experts say that climate change is likely to blame. 【小题1】 The Venetian council voted against a measure to fight climate change just a few moments before their chamber (会议厅) flooded.

Flooding is just one of the many impacts from climate change that is being experienced with more frequency and globally threatens many vulnerable (脆弱的) areas and regions. There is a threat that is not often considered. 【小题2】 Natural and man-made heritage sites throughout the world are in danger of being damaged or destroyed by climate change.

【小题3】 Some will be hit by flooding, like Venice, others by extreme weather events or rising temperatures. For instance, George Town, the capital of the Malaysian state Penang faces rising sea levels, landslides and more severe typhoons, while Yellowstone ecosystem in the western United States faces melting snows, more frequent wildfires and a changing ecosystem.

Changes in the ocean will have a profound impact on many of these sites. 【小题4】 And rising sea levels threaten to wash away many of the world’s great archaeological sites.

Experts say that the solutions to saving these sites will be varied, but many will be very expensive. 【小题5】

Severe heat waves have killed more than 100 people in India this summer and are predicted to worsen in coming years, creating a possible crisis as large parts of the country potentially become too hot to be inhabitable (适宜居住的).

Heat waves in India usually take place between March and July and abate (减弱) once the rains arrive. But in recent years these hot waves have become more severe, more frequent and longer.

India is among the countries expected to be worst affected by severe heat, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Experts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) say that even if the world succeeds in limiting the rise in average global temperatures, parts of India will become extremely hot.

Last year, there were over 480 official heat waves across India. During that period, more than 5,000 people died. This June, temperatures of 48 degrees Celsius hit Delhi. Churu nearly broke the country's heat record with a high of 50.6 degree Celsius. Bihar closed all schools, colleges and coaching centers for five days after severe heat killed more than 100 people. The closures were accompanied by warnings to stay indoors during the hottest time of the day.

India is trying to develop a heat action plan. The city of Ahmedabad, in Gujarat introduced the country's first action plan in 2013, and its text messages, extra drinking stations and advice to keep out of the sun are credited with saving more than 2,000 lives.

At the same time, India is seeking long term solution The country has planned to cut its carbon emissions (排放) by 33% to 35% in 2030.

Since pre-industrial times, the world’s oceans have warmed by an average of 1 degree Celsius. Now researchers report that those rising temperatures have led to widespread changes in the population size of marine（海洋的）species.

A new study from the University of Bristol,UK, aims to find out how climate change is impacting the distribution,population and seasonality of marine species.

The study’s senior author,Martin Genner, an evolutionary ecologist, said: “We found the same trend across all groups of marine life we looked at， from plankton（浮游生物）to marine invertebrates（无脊椎动物），and from fish to seabirds. ”

Based on these findings,researchers reasoned that marine species should be doing well at the leading edge of their ranges but poorly at their trailing side.

The study found that 304 widely distributed marine species over the last century were indeed more abundant（大量的）at the poleward ends of their sample range. This suggests that marine species haven’t managed to adapt to warmer conditions. They may continue to move poleward as sea temperatures increase further,impactiing the livelihood of equatorward coastal towns.

“This matters because it means that climate change is not only leading to abundance changes,but affects the performance of species locally,” Genner said. “While some marine life may benefit as the ocean warms,we will also see continued loss of marine in the near future. ”

The researchers said that more work is needed to understand how climate change has affected marine life in all regions of the world in greater detail. Genner questioned, “Is this mainly related to the physiological（生理的）limits of the species, or instead due to changes in the species with which they interact?”