What exactly is a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? Or is it something more than that? For example, suppose a firiend wants to borrow some money from you. You say “I wish I could help you but I'm short of money myself.” In fact, you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debts and you don't want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this. Is this really a lie?
Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern Califormia has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men. particular when telling a “white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies, such as making a promise which they no intention of fulfilling. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.
Research has also been done into the way people's behavior changes in a number of small apparently unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now.” They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often, in particular the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The up of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure make sit itch.
Another gesture which give liars away is that the writer Desmond Morris in his book Man-watching calls “the mouth cover” He says there are several typical forms of this, such as covering part of the mouth with the fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth. Such as gesture can be understood as an unconscious attempt on the part of the lair to stop himself or herself from lying.
Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to occur more frequently n this situation. It is not one gesture alone that gives the lair away but whole number of things and in particular the context in which the lie is told.
【小题1】According to the passage, a “white lie” seems to be a lie ________.| A．that other people believe |
| B．that other people don't believe |
| C．told in order to avoid offending someone |
| D．told in order to take advantage of someone |
| A．generally lie far more than men do |
| B．are better at telling less serious lies than men are |
| C．lie at parties more often than men do |
| D．often make promise they don't intend to keep |
| A．he looks very serious |
| B．his blood pressure increase considerably |
| C．he uses his unconscious mind |
| D．there tends to be some small changes in his behavior |
| A．The touching of the tip of one's nose | B．The changes of one's behavior. |
| C．The circumstances where the lie is told | D．“The mouth cover” gesture. |
A social phobia (恐惧症) in an anxiety disorder with strong fear in social situations.
Learn to relax. People with a social phobia often have anticipatory (预期的) anxiety.
Be yourself. To some degree, social phobia is caused by the belief that we have to be perfect as others expect.
| A．Look for social situations |
| B．Be imaginative in solving social issues |
| C．Perhaps you have a phobia about flying |
| D．We have to learn to accept and trust ourselves |
| E．In other words, they worry about the situation before it happens |
| F．You are held back by worrying about of what others may be thinking of you |
| G．People with social phobia feel fear, as well as nervousness, pain or shyness |
Whether in the workplace or on the football field, effective teamwork can produce amazing results. However, working successfully as a team is not as easy as it may seem. Effective teamwork certainly does not just happen automatically; it takes a great deal of hard work and compromise. There are a number of factors tha
t must be in place to make a good team.
Effective leadership is one of the most important factors of good teamwork. The team’s leader should possess the skills to create and preserve a positive working environment and motivate and inspire the team members to take a positive approach to work and be highly committed. An effective team leader will promote a high level of spirit and make them feel supported and valued.
Communication is a vital factor of all interpersonal relationship and especially that of a team. Team members must be able to articulate their feelings, express plans and goals, share ideas and see each other’s opinions.
Conflicts will arise no matter how well a team functions together. The best way to deal with conflicts is to have some organized methods of handling conflicts. Team members should be able to voice their concerns without fear of offending others. Instead of avoiding conflict issues, a hands-on approach that settles them quickly is much better. It is often advised that the team leader sit with the conflicting parties and help work out their differences without taking sides and trying to remain objective if possible.
The team leader must set a good example to create good teamwork. In order to keep team members positive and committed and motivated, the team leader himself needs to show these qualities. The team turns to the leader for support and guidance. So any negative words or behaviors on the leader’s part can be disastrous.
Regardless of what type of work you are in, knowing how to effectively work on and with a team is going to be extremely important to your success and that of your team.
【小题1】The underlined word “articulate” probably means _________________.| A．hide | B．feel |
| C．express | D．plan |
| A．worry about the team members B. ignore the team members’ voices |
| A．Football and Teamwork | B．What Makes Effective Teamwork |
| C．Handle Conflict in a Team | D．Communication and Teamwork |
I often hear some of you saying, "I don't care what other people think! I do whatever I want!" There is a strong wish for independence in adolescence (青春期)and you say you only care about your own opinion. But be honest - don't you care about what certain people think? Most teenagers have a circle of people who can influence them.They care very much about what this circle of people think, especially about them.
Most teenagers want to be independent, but they don't want to be alone. They don't want to stand out, away from the crowd. They want to have connection to other people, especially other teenagers.
During adolescence, friendships with other teens become very important. They care about what other teenagers think because they want to be accepted and they are afraid of what other people think. Fear makes them care.
Some teenagers are leaders and some are followers. You might think that teenage leaders don't care what other people think, but that is not true. After all, a leader really isn't a leader unless other people follow. If leaders don't care about what followers think, those followers may leave and follow someone else. Followers care about what the leader thinks because they want to be part of the group.
There is a famous playwright named William Shakespeare. In one of his plays, Hamlet, the character Hamlet said, "To thine own self be true." In other words, whatever you do, always be true to yourself. Sure, teenagers can care about what other people think of them, but the most important thing is what they think of themselves. This is one of the most important tasks that teenagers should have.
【小题1】What do we know about teenagers from the text?| A．They value friendship. | B．They have difficulty making friends. |
| C．They are deaf to others' advice. | D．They keep themselves away from others. |
| A．Teenagers prefer to be leaders. |
| B．Teenage leaders must listen to followers. |
| C．Teenage followers should read leaders' mind. |
| D．Teenage leaders and followers should care about each other. |
| A．Think of others around you. | B．Do what you think is right. |
| C．Make friends whenever possible. | D．Go easy on yourself and others. |
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