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People in the Middle Ages did eat with their hands. Personal utensils (餐具) were mostly unheard of, especially forks. There were spoons to help serve, but only special guests would receive a knife from the host. Everyone else would be expected to bring their own. Of course, eating with one's hands can be quite a sticky situation, so towels were provided to help diners stay at least somewhat clean as they ate.

Still, dining was often a messy affair. At special occasions in the wealthiest households, women tended to dine alone, separate from the men. Women were expected to uphold a quality of grace. Eating greasy meat by hand would certainly not help! Once the men and women had finished their meals, they would come together to socialize.

Dietary scholars of the Middle Ages believed that the foods in a meal needed to be served and eaten in order of heaviness. The lightest and most easily digested foods, such as fruits and cheeses, were eaten first to help the digestive (消化) system get started. Once digestion was underway, greens and light meats, such as lettuce, cabbage and chicken, could be eaten. Last came the heavier vegetables and meats, such as carrots, beans, beef, pork, and mutton. This method was considered the most healthful way to eat.

The main and largest meal of the day was supper, and it was eaten at midday. Dinner was a light meal, and many of those in nobility (贵族) - the highest levels of the Middle Ages society-skipped breakfast altogether. Breakfast was considered unnecessary for those who did not perform physical work. Snacks and any other eating during the day were viewed the same way. Commoners, or the working class, were allowed to eat breakfast and small meals throughout the day.

【小题1】What did people in the Middle Ages usually do at the dinner table?
A.They cleaned hands before meals.
B.They used personal utensils.
C.They had to use knives at dinner.
D.They ate mostly with hands.
【小题2】What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A.The order of eating foods.
B.The weight of various foods.
C.The principles of digesting foods.
D.The list of healthy foods.
【小题3】Why did the nobility avoid eating breakfast?
A.Breakfast was wasted for the nobility.
B.Breakfast was viewed as unnecessary.
C.Breakfast was considered as a light meal.
D.Breakfast was saved for commoners.
20-21高一下·浙江杭州·期末
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What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.

It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.

According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.

【小题1】What do people usually think of British food?
A.It is simple and plain.B.It is rich in nutrition.
C.It lacks authentic tastes.D.It deserves a high reputation.
【小题2】Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A.Authoritative.B.Creative.C.Profitable.D.Influential.
【小题3】Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A.20%.B.24%.C.25%.D.33%.
【小题4】What might the author continue talking about?
A.The art of cooking in other countries.B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.D.Studies of big eaters.
阅读理解
Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about teaPeople in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity Some of them were not sure how to use it They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves Then they served them mixed with butter and salt They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches
Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it
At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of teaUntil then tea had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was addedShe found it so pleasant that she would never again drink it without milk Because she was such a great lady her friends thought they must copy everything she did, so they also drank their tea with milk in it Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk
At first, tea was usually drunk after dinner in the evening No one ever thought of drinking tea in the afternoon until a duchess (公爵夫人) found that a cup of tea and a piece of cake at three or four o'clock stopped her getting“a sinking feeling”as she called it She invited her friends to have this new meal with her and so, tea-time was born
【小题1】Which of the following is true of the introduction of tea into Britain?
A.The Britons got expensive tea from India
B.Tea reached Britain from Holland
C.The Britons were the first people in Europe who drank tea
D.It was not until the 17th century that the Britons had tea
【小题2】This passage mainly discusses ________
A.the history of tea drinking in Britain
B.how tea became a popular drink in Britain
C.how the Britons got the habit of drinking tea
D.how tea-time was born
【小题3】Tea became a popular drink in Britain ________
A.in eighteenth century
B.in sixteenth century
C.in seventeenth century
D.in the late seventeenth century
【小题4】People in Europe began to drink tea with milk because ________
A.it tasted like milk
B.it tasted more pleasant
C.it became a popular drink
D.Madame de Sevigne was such a lady with great social influence that people tried to copy the way she drank tea

Tea culture is varied in different countries by the way tea is made and drunk, and by the places for tea drinking. How to make tea may be different. According to the ways of making tea, tea is classified (分类) into white tea, green tea, black tea, etc. And how to prepare tea may be different, too. In Tibet, tea is commonly boiled with salt and butter. People may drink tea at home or in public, for example, at tea houses.

As part of culture, tea has a relationship with history, health, education, communication and so on. It is commonly used at social activities. For example, afternoon tea is a British custom. Families or friends can communicate with each other while having afternoon tea.

Tea has remained a way of daily life in China and drinking tea has a lot of advantages. It makes people less tired, clears heat in the human body and helps people lose weight.

Chinese people are good at using tea to make other things delicious. Tea, originally (最初) served as a medicine in ancient times, is now not just a kind of drink, but also excellent seasoning (调味品). Here are two delicious dishes made with tea:

Tea Eggs: You can find them cooked and sold in street markets in almost every city in China. Dragon Well Tea Shrimp (龙井虾仁). It’s one of the most well-known dishes in Hangzhou. Before you drink tea, please check the following tips:

♦ Drink tea hot.

♦ The best time to drink is in between meals. It is bad for your stomach if you drink tea just before meals, during meals or soon after meals.

♦ Do not drink too much strong tea.

【小题1】Tea has no relationship with        as part of culture according to the passage.
A.historyB.healthC.educationD.sports
【小题2】Afternoon tea in Britain is a        according to the passage.
A.way of communicationB.hobby
C.gameD.weekend activity
【小题3】In ancient China, tea was originally served as        according to the passage.
A.a medicineB.a drinkC.seasoningD.a dish
【小题4】The best time to drink tea is        according to the passage.
A.just before mealsB.during mealsC.soon after mealsD.in between meals
【小题5】The passage doesn’t mention       .
A.ways of making teaB.places to drink tea
C.tools for drinking teaD.advantages of drinking tea

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