It may seem clear to you that the image in which Barack Obama and David Cameron are kissing their spouses has been doctored (篡改) and cut together. But out on the Internet, not everyone will see it that way.
After the 2016 election, Facebook created a program to fact — check posts. They started paying organizations like Reuters and Politifact to mark content like this. Another agency looked through thousands of marked posts and saw all sorts of misinformation. Much of it was manipulated (操纵的) content—something that started off real but was later changed in some way to convey incorrect information. Some of those were doctored photos that were presented as real.
But many more were photos that weren't doctored. They were just not what the poster claimed. Like this photo: Dr. Anthony Fauci and Obama supposedly visiting “the Wuhan lab” in 2015 with Melinda Cates. The photo is “real”—it comes from the NIH. But that' s not Wuhan, it's Maryland. And that's not even Melinda Gates. We saw a lot of examples like this. And don' t think a post isn't manipulated just because it has numbers in it. The person who posted this map said it showed the number of missing children by county in Ohio last year. This is real data that really comes from the Ohio Attorney General' s office. Although it actually shows missing children reports, that's misleading. There were 20 ,000 reports in 2018, but less than 2% of those children were still missing when the report was published. Nearly all of them were safely recovered that year.
Unfortunately, we can't rely on just Facebook's fact—checking partners to prevent misinformation. Only a small part of the millions of posts circulating every day on the platform can be checked. According to the News Literacy Project, consumers should keep an eye on where a piece of information is coming from. Is it a reliable news agency? Are other news organizations reporting similar information? Where did an image or video first appear?
Misinformation often plays upon emotional responses. So if a questionable bit of information leaves you in anger, it may be manipulated content trying to manipulate you.
【小题1】Why did Facebook create the program?| A．To delete misleading posts. | B．To correct misinformation. |
| C．To analyze misinformation. | D．To check misleading posts. |
| A．Misinformation is originally unreal. |
| B．A post containing real data is reliable. |
| C．A post having numbers is easily believed. |
| D．Ohio is not a safe place for children. |
| A．manipulate readers. | B．avoid checking. |
| C．earn more money. | D．amuse readers. |
| A．All Sorts of Misinformation |
| B．Unavoidable Misinformation |
| C．Doctored Photos on Facebook |
| D．Manipulated Misinformation on the Internet |
And this revolution has brought along with it a new way of shopping. Both big and small, e-commerce websites have literally flooded the Internet by the hundreds of thousands. Anything you can buy from a brick and mortar store(实体店) you can also buy online: from food and clothes to guns and bombs, no matter what you're looking for, you're bound to find the right online store with just a few clicks of the mouse.
This revolution has sent cold trembles down the backbones of brick and mortar business owners. And what was their reaction? They've opened online stores to go hand in hand with their conventional businesses. Nowadays, every "Mom and Pop's" cheesecake store also has a website. In a recent survey, 68% of small business owners have stated that they are scared of being put out of business by the powerful flood that e-commerce has become. So it's no wonder many of them have decided to join the revolution and establish some kind of an online presence even though most of them have stated that they dislike the Internet.
But do the big players have reasons to be afraid? Are we going to start seeing ghostly, deserted Wal-Marts across the country? Probably not in the near future but the day will come when most people will just stop shopping offline anymore. A trip to Wal-Marts wastes time, burns gas and sometimes adds a few extra dots on the stress counter.
The recent advancements in mobile technology and the introduction of mobile phones with improved web capabilities has even made some people order their groceries when they get out from work and have them delivered at their doorstep by the time they get home. And as "Time is money", this practice is lifesaving for people who work two jobs.
Technology will continue to advance and e-commerce will follow closely in its footsteps. Everything will become easier and less time consuming, leaving us more time to enjoy the things that really matter in life: the ones we love, our friends and hobbies.
【小题1】What is Para. 1 mainly about?
| A．The popularity of mobile phones. |
| B．The great impact of the Internet. |
| C．The importance of the Internet. |
| D．The function of the global network. |
| A．have stopped their traditional businesses |
| B．have stated their dislike of the Internet |
| C．have established their own website |
| D．have opened their online stores |
| A．to save time | B．to follow the fashion |
| C．to release pressure | D．to protect environment |
| A．A New Way of Shopping. |
| B．The Internet Revolution. |
| C．What is the Reaction to Online Shopping? |
| D．Is Online Shopping the Future of E-commerce? |
How has artificial intelligence (AI) changed and shaped our world over the last five years? How will AI continue to impact our lives in the coming years? Those are the questions addressed in my report.
When it comes to the current state of AI, I must say some of the biggest changes in the last five years have been how well AI performs in large data systems on specific types of tasks. We’ve seen Alpha Zero become the best Go player entirely through self-play, and everyday use of AI such as grammar checks and auto complete, automatic personal photo organization, and speech recognition become commonplace for large numbers of people.
In terms of potential, I’m most excited that AI can develop better and be used to assist people in various ways. It can help with decision-making such as identifying the likely treatment options for patients and provide basic assistance such as text-to-speech transformation for the visually damaged. In many situations, people and AI are complementary; that’s why I assume there is a possibility of teaming people with AI.
In the past, people had a fairly rosy outlook on AI, but now the public have a much more mixed view. This comes from the fact we are much less willing to tolerate faults, especially discriminatory ones. There have also been questions of information and disinformation control as people get their news and entertainment by searches and rankings personalized to their needs. So, there’s a much greater recognition that we should not be waiting for AI tools to become mainstream before making sure they are morally correct.
The need to understand the basics of AI and data science starts much earlier than college education, as children are being exposed to AI as soon as they click on online videos. But for computer science students in college, I think a key thing that future engineers need to realize is when to demand input and how to talk across subject boundaries to get at often difficult-to-quantify ideas of safety, equity, and so forth.
【小题1】Why does the author talk about AI’s performance on some tasks in paragraph 2?| A．To criticize AI’s lack of diversity. | B．To show AI’s specialized advancements. |
| C．To explain AI’s superiority to humans. | D．To highlight AI’s considerable intelligence. |
| A．Significant. | B．Independent. | C．Interrelated. | D．Contradictory. |
| A．Its disadvantages. | B．Its moral duty. |
| C．The high expectations. | D．The personalized news. |
| A．Strengths and Faults of AI | B．The Present and Future of AI |
| C．AI: How to Further Develop? | D．Humans vs AI: Who’s Better? |
There’s been a thought that younger consumers have been the driving force of online buying. That may not be the case. According to a statement from Alipay, the average expenditure (支出) of Alipay users born before the 1960s was 31,000 yuan in 2012, much higher than 14,000 yuan of those born after the 1980s. It shows that online shopping has become a key part of people’s daily consumption, for both young and old.
Besides shopping, people pay bills such as water bill, electricity bill, and credit card repayment online. The middle-aged and senior consumers are also participating in that consumption revolution.
Liu Chen, 56, said that his online expenditure in 2014 was over 50,000 yuan, about half of the total annual expenditure. He always pays his telephone bill online. Clothes, electrical appliances and kids’ snacks are the main items he purchases online.
Liu’s shopping strategy is to find something good online first, then go to shops to check it out, and finally buy it online because it is cheaper. As quality concerns him, Liu only buys items that come with a guarantee.
Stories such as those from Liu are representative of millions of middle-aged and older Chinese, which show the great potential of the aged in the Chinese consumption market. Yet, the market seems not to be valued as it should be.
Some Chinese e-commerce websites such as jd. com, dangdang. com and amazon. cn don’t have a category for goods for the elderly on their main pages. Alibaba’s platform does have one, but the goods in it are not as abundant as other categories. Moreover, Taobao’s category is not really designed for elders, but their children.
Despite the seeming lack of commitment to older consumers, the Chinese market for the elderly is clearly huge, and e-commerce websites should take great efforts to develop it.
【小题1】The data in Paragraph 2 is used to prove that ________.
| A．young people have learned to save money |
| B．older people are crazy about online shopping |
| C．young people are the driving force of online shopping |
| D．both the young and the old have contributed to online shopping |
a. buying clothes
b. paying the telephone bill
c. paying the electricity bill
d. buying electrical appliances
| A．a, b, c | B．a, b, d | C．b, c, d | D．a, c, d |
| A．low price | B．convenience |
| C．great potential | D．quality guarantee |
| A．Online shopping |
| B．Older consumers in e-commerce |
| C．Chinese e-commerce |
| D．Huge e-commerce market for the elderly |
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