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Tropical rainforests (热带雨林) are home to native peoples who rely on their surroundings for food, shelter, and medicines. Today very few forest people in many areas like the Philippines, Papua New Guinea live in traditional ways; most have been displaced by outside settlers or have been forced to give up their lifestyles by governments.

Of the remaining forest people, the Amazon supports the largest native or native populations, although these people, too, have been affected by the modern world. While they still depend on the forest for traditional hunting and gathering, most Amerindians, as American native people are called, grow crops, use western goods, and make regular trips to towns and cities to bring foods and products to market. In Africa there are native forest people sometimes known as pygmies. The tallest of these people, also called the Mbuti, are not more than 5 feet in height. Their small size enables them to move about the forest more quickly than taller people.

Tropical rainforests have supported humans since ancient times. Although forest life cannot be described as easy, these peoples have built their lives around the surrounding forest and its systems. Still, these forest people can teach us a lot about the rainforest. Their knowledge of medicinal plants used for treating illness is valuable, and they have a great understanding of the ecology (生态学) of the Amazon rainforest. As a result, they are a great storehouse of the knowledge about the forest. They know the medicinal functions of plants and understand the value of the forest as an undamaged ecosystem. As forests fall, these native peoples lose their homes and culture, resulting in the drop of the native population.

【小题1】Where do the greatest number of native rainforest peoples live today?
A.In the Philippines .B.In Africa.
C.In the Amazon.D.In Papua New Guinea.
【小题2】What do we know about most Amerindians?
A.They know little about growing some crops.
B.They make trips to towns and cities for trade.
C.They would like to use eastern goods in daily life.
D.They seldom know traditional hunting and gathering.
【小题3】What can we learn from the third paragraph?
A.Forest people can get benefits from rainforests.
B.We can learn how to build storehouses from forest people .
C.Forest people live an easy and comfortable life as we imagine.
D.The knowledge of medicinal plants for treating illness can be ignored.
【小题4】What is the purpose of this text?
A.To make an advertisement for tropical rainforests.
B.To introduce the lifestyles of the native forest people.
C.To spread the knowledge and value of the forest plants.
D.To raise the awareness of protecting tropical rainforests.
21-22高一上·福建宁德·期末
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Thanks to its harsh environment, Antarctica remained largely untouched by humans for many millennia, allowing a thriving (旺盛的) ecosystem to evolve. However, since the 1990s, the last true wilderness on the planet is becoming an increasingly popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists. Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area’s native bird population.

Humans can infect animals with illnesses such as the flu. Researchers, however, believed that the Antarctic animals were immune to the danger due to the continent’s extreme weather. However, microbiologist Marta Cerda-Cuellar was not convinced.

She and some colleagues decided to examine waste samples from Antarctic birds for evidence of human bacteria. To ensure the waste was not polluted, the scientists had to collect it from the birds themselves.

The results of their study revealed the presence of several types of human bacteria in the bird waste. This included a common strain (品种) of bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans. The researchers say the bacteria strains were resistant to commonly-used human antibiotics (抗生素),indicating they were brought in by the visitors, rather than migratory birds (候鸟).

“These strains, which are a common cause for infections in humans and livestock, do not usually cause death outbreaks in wild animals,” says Gonzalez-Solis. “However, the emerging or invasive pathogens (病原体) that arrive to highly sensitive populations could have severe consequences and cause the local collapse and extinction of some populations. “The researcher also fears the presence of these bugs could foreshadow the arrival of other, more deadly, pathogens as the number of tourists people increases.

Experts believe the only way to prevent the mass destruction of the birds is to impose stricter regulations or, at least, put the ones already in place into effect. For example, while the Antarctica Treaty requires visitors to carry their waste back home to safeguard the pristine environment, the regulation is rarely enforced. Nowadays, some officials are taking steps to save the vulnerable birds before it’s too late.

【小题1】What problem is Antarctica facing according to Paragraph 1&2?
A.The increasing number of tourists.
B.The worsening wilderness.
C.The replaced native bird population.
D.The spread of infectious illnesses.
【小题2】Why did the scientists need to catch some Antarctic animals?
A.To treat their illness.B.To get their waste.
C.To raise them as pets.D.To study their lifestyles.
【小题3】What did the scientists prove in their study?
A.Bacteria can be killed by human antibiotics.
B.Extreme weather keeps Antarctic animals healthy.
C.Humans bring bacteria to Antarctica.
D.Antarctic animals are immune to human bacteria.
【小题4】What is the author’s attitude towards the prospect of bird population in Antarctica?
A.Indifferent.B.Doubtful.C.negative.D.Optimistic.

Approximately one-third of all textiles (纺织品) are produced from mineral resources and are ill-suited for recycling. “In the fashion industry, a great deal of clothing is produced much too cheaply, and is of such a poor quality that people desert it after wearing it just a few times. The majority of the deserted textile is unsuited for sale as second-hand textile,” says Pauline Harmsen, a senior researcher of Wageningen University & Research.

Much of our clothing contains materials made from fossil (化石的) resources such as oil. This applies to some two-thirds of all the clothing produced in the world. Nevertheless, things must change in the future. Not only is the supply of fossil resources becoming depleted, but much of the contemporary textiles also cannot be recycled.

In clothing recycling, we see textiles being produced from recycled bottles. Textile recycling is often difficult. This is because textiles are made up of different fibres that are difficult to separate. “If you really wish to recycle, you must start by considering the clothing production method. By designing clothing in such a way that the different materials can be easily separated, or by using just one type of fibre,” says Harmsen.

A programme for sustainable (可持续的) textiles was launched in Wageningen University & Research last year. Various researchers from different institutes are involved, from technical material experts such as Harmsen to consumer scientists. It will take a while before sustainable clothing made from natural resources finds the way into the fashion stores.

Harmsen’s dissatisfaction with clothing offered in stores has led her to make her own clothing from fossil-free resources. She focuses on sustainability but also on the material’s look and feel. She claims, “Eventually, we will need all available natural resources to fill the gap if we are no longer able to use fossil resources.”

【小题1】What can we learn about the fashion industry from paragraph 1?
A.It creates huge waste.
B.It faces expensive material.
C.It lacks realistic demand.
D.It causes public resistance.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “depleted” in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Very inconvenient.B.Almost unusable.
C.Severely short.D.Rather cheap.
【小题3】Which of the following is a way to recycle textiles more easily?
A.Employing advanced equipment.
B.Increasing production procedures.
C.Mixing pure natural materials.
D.Adopting single-fibre materials.
【小题4】What can be a best title for the text?
A.Basic Methods of Textile Production
B.A Trend of Sustainable Consumption
C.Fossil-Free Textiles for Clothing
D.Breakthrough of the Clothing Industry

A worldwide shift from fossil fuel-powered cars to electric vehicles could significantly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide that humans emit to the atmosphere. But current strategies for vehicle electrification (电气化) can also shift some pollution to communities already suffering under higher economic, health and environmental burdens, researchers warn.

California, which leads the United States by a mile when it comes to EV adoption, offers a window into this evolving problem. The state is aggressively seeking to reduce its carbon footprint and has made substantial increases in wind and solar power generation as well as in the promotion of electric vehicle purchases. One tool the state has used is the California Clean Vehicle Rebate Project, or CVRP, which kicked off in 2010 and offers consumers money back for the purchase of new EVs.

Now, an analysis of the CVRP’s impact on the state’s air quality from 2010 to 2021 reveals both good and bad news, researchers report May 3 in PLOS Climate.

The good news is that the CVRP is responsible for making a dent in the state’s overall CO2 emissions, reducing them by about 280,000 metric tons per year on average. The bad news is that the most disadvantaged communities in the state didn’t see the same overall improvement in air quality. Those communities in fact saw an increase in one type of air pollution, tiny particulates known as PM2.5. That increase may be indirectly related to putting more EVs on the road. Although electric vehicles themselves don’t produce PM2.5 from their tailpipes, increased electricity generation, if it’s not fossil fuel-free, can. Renewable resources, including rooftop solar cells, supplied about half of California’s electricity in 2022. But natural gas-fired power plants still provide a large part of the state’s power.

“Electric vehicles are often incorrectly referred to as ‘zero-emission vehicles’, but they’re only as clean as the underlying electric grid (电网) from which the energy is sourced,” Mejía-Duwan says. The most disadvantaged 25 percent of the state’s communities also contain 50 percent of the power plants, the team found.

【小题1】What do we know from paragraph 2?
A.California takes the lead in environmental protection.
B.Wind and solar power generation has dominated California.
C.California’s carbon footprint has been reduced as planned.
D.The launch of CVRP is intended to promote electric vehicle purchases.
【小题2】What does the underlined “dent” mean in paragraph 4?
A.adjustment.B.shift.C.reduction.D.increase
【小题3】What is the direct cause of an increase in PM 2.5?
A.Putting more EVs on the road.B.Increased electricity generation.
C.Warming climate.D.Increased rooftop solar cells.
【小题4】What will Mejía-Duwan probably agree with?
A.Zero emission for EVs can’t be ensured nowadays.
B.‘Zero emission’ isn’t good enough to describe EVs.
C.EVs, with no zero emission, shouldn’t be advocated.
D.EVs have a promising future as zero emission vehicles.

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