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If the world wants to control global warming, water shortage and pollution, then we all need to welcome “flexitarian” diets, say scientists.

This means eating mainly plant-based foods, and is a key step toward an environment friendly future for all in 2050, they say. Food waste will need to be halved ad farming practices will also have to improve, according to the study arid out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Without action, the influence of the food system could increase by up to 90%

The authors say that he present food industry has a number of considerable environmental effects including being a great driver of climate change, using up freshwater and causing pollution through heavy use of chemical fertilizer. The study says that thanks to the population and income growth expected between 2010 and 2050, these effects could grow between 50-90%. This could push our world beyond is planetary boundaries, which the authors say represent a “safe operating space for humanity and the international community”.

However, the study finds that no single solution will avoid the dangers, so a combined approach is needed. So when it comes to climate change, the authors looked at what they called a “flexitarian” diet.

“We can eat a range of healthy dies but what they all have in common, according to the latest scientific evidence, is that they are all relatively plant-based,” said Dr. Marco from the University of Oxford. “You can go from a diet that has small amounts of animal products (some might call it a Mediterranean-based diet; we call it a flexitarian diet) over to a vegetarian(素食的) diet—we tried to stay with the most traditional one of these which in our view is the flexitarian one, but even this has only one serving of red meat per week.”

If the world moved to this type of diet, the study found that greenhouse gas emissions(排放物) from farming would be reduced by more than half.

Dr. Marco says that all measures combined can result in keeping both the planet and people healthy.

【小题1】What is the IPCCs study about?
A.The role of modern farming practices.
B.The differences between various diets.
C.The effects of food industry on the planet.
D.The harmful consequence of global warming.
【小题2】What do we know about the recent food system?
A.It is far too wasteful.
B.It has raised farmers’ income.
C.It contributes to the development of farming.
D.It is a key step to an environment-friendly society.
【小题3】What can be called a “flexitarian” diet?
A.Eating a variety of food.
B.Eating a lot of animal products.
C.Eating vegetables grown without fertilizer.
D.Eating mostly plant-based meals and some red meat.
【小题4】What benefit will the new diet bring to the world?
A.The water pollution will be controlled in 2050.
B.Less greenhouse gas will be produced.
C.Food waste will be reduced by half.
D.Much more money will be saved.
2021·四川巴中·一模
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Sicilian Rouge High GABA is a special type of tomato designed to contain high levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (氨基丁酸), an amino acid believed to aid relaxation and help lower blood pressure.

Tokyo-based startup Sanatech Seed Company teamed up with scientists at the University of Tsukuba to develop a new variety of tomatoes using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. Named Sicilian Rouge High GABA, this new type of tomato contains five to six times the normal level of a type of amino acid called gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. According to Japanese media, the company removed an inhibitory domain (抑制域) within the tomato’s genome to enable it to produce these high levels of GABA.

According to Shimpei Takeshita, President of Sanatech Seed and Chief Innovation Officer of Pioneer EcoScience, the exclusive distributor of the tomato, the company was given permission to commercialize the genetically changed Sicilian Rouge High GABA variety last December, and contract farmers who have been growing them ever since. Now, the tomatoes are ready to hit store shelves.

“At first, we got mixed reactions to genome- edited foods, and we thought it would be difficult to bring them to market as they’re not fully understood by consumers,” Tatsuo Takeshita, chair of Sanatech Seed told NHK. “But the tomatoes earned a good name from those who took part in the trials.”

A Japanese health ministry committee gave Sanatech Seed permission to commercialize the new tomato variety. They provided notification and the startup plans to ship each package of tomatoes with a sticker that says “improved using genome-editing technology”.

Unlike genetically modified foods, genome-edited plant varieties are considered just as safe as varieties improved using traditional methods because no outside gene is introduced during the process.

Sanatech Seed has already started accepting online orders for Sicilian Rouge High GABA tomatoes. A 3-kilogram box of tomatoes will reportedly cost 7,500 yen. That’s a lot of money for tomatoes.

【小题1】What do we know about Sicilian Rouge High GABA?
A.It is beneficial to our health.B.It can promote tomatoes’ output.
C.It contains high level of nutrition.D.It can make people energetic.
【小题2】Who permitted the new tomatoes into the market?
A.President of the Sanatech Seed Company,B.The University of Tsukuba, Tokyo.
C.A Japanese health ministry committee.D.Chair of Tatsuo Takeshita Company.
【小题3】How is the genome-edited plant regarded?
A.Harmful.B.Easy.C.Traditional.D.Secure.
【小题4】What is the writer’s attitude to Sicilian Rouge High GABA?
A.Curious.B.Subjective.C.Dissatisfied.D.Objective.

Pickled (腌制的) vegetables, fish and meat preserved in salt, and bread baked in a circle with a hole in the middle (e.g. bagels), were once the foods for the poor of all backgrounds in central and eastern Europe. But it was Jewish immigrants (犹太移民) who brought these recipes to the West, particularly to America, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Bagels and pickled foods became mainstays of Jewish deli (熟食店) cuisine,which are the subject of an exhibition at the New-York Historical Society called “I’ll Have What She’s Having”. The exhibition implicitly (含蓄地) asks whether a cuisine that has been enjoyed by millions and helped define the taste of New York City continues to be lively today.

There is a distinctly sad tone to it. Though some foods exist over several decades, the number of Jewish delis in America has dropped sharply. Black-and-white pictures of long-gone people eating at long-gone places line the exhibition’s walls. After all, the Jewish deli is a product of a bygone era,shaped by immigration, discrimination and inner-city life. As immigrants’ children fit in with the locals and moved away, the deli became one of many dining choices — less a center of communal Jewish life and more a pleasant place to occasionally chat and talk about the past.

Meanwhile, deli food itself has crossed its limits. For a while, McDonald’s in Germany offered a “Grilled Texas Bagel”. That is a senseless phrase to a deli expert: a decent bagel belongs nowhere near a grill and has nothing to do with Texas. But it suggests that bagels — like pizza, hot dogs and other foods once only consumed by particular ethnicities — now come across less as specifically Jewish than as broadly American.

The most hopeful part of the exhibit is at the end: a case of menus from modern delis across the country. They were founded by young Jewish chefs determined to keep their culinary (烹饪的) traditions alive — not because discrimination left them no other way out, but because the food is delicious, inspiring, and an irreplaceable part of America’s culinary landscape.

【小题1】What is the theme of this exhibition?
A.The history of New York.
B.The foods of Jewish delis.
C.The recipes for Jewish foods.
D.The Jewish communities in New York.
【小题2】What does paragraph 3 tell us about the Jewish delis in America?
A.They cannot provide delivery service.
B.They have lost their original special flavor.
C.They don’t suit the tastes of young Jewish people.
D.They can bring back memories of Jewish immigrants.
【小题3】What does the name of “Grilled Texas Bagel” imply?
A.Deli experts aren’t big fans of meaningless names.
B.People think bagels are more of an American food.
C.Texans aren’t very good at baking satisfactory bagels.
D.McDonald’s in Germany prefers American foods to Jewish ones.
【小题4】How do young Jewish chefs feel about their traditional food?
A.Proud.B.Worried.C.Carefree.D.Disappointed.

Why bother cooking? You don’t have time, of course (or you think you don’t); that’s the big reason. But you also don’t do it as well as the professionals, so just let them handle it for you. Or at least let them give you a head start in the form of meal-assembly shops(食品组装店)and canned, frozen and pre-chopped ingredients. Michael Pollan thinks you should bother. His latest book, Cooked, is a powerful argument for a return to home cooking.

Scores of food writers and editors, myself included, have long mourned for the increase of companies on the public’s diet. We have seen the slow retreat(撤退)from the kitchen as primary contributor to America’s obesity and other health and environmental problems. But perhaps only Pollan can so effectively pick up the clues of so many food movements, philosophies and research papers and turn them into a persuasive narrative with a clear message. He writes, “The best way to recover the reality of food, to return it to its proper place in our lives is by attempting to master the physical processes by which it has traditionally been made.”

Don’t challenge him. Because of the power of his writing, Cooked may prove to be just as influential as Pollan’s other book, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, possibly the single most-quoted text by those caring about how our eating choices affect the planet.

As in The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Pollan knows that his reliability depends on a willingness to practice what he urges, so in Cooked he takes just as much of a hands-on approach as he suggests his readers do. He divides the book into four sections: in this case, the classical elements of fire, water, air and earth. Each represents a type of cooking—barbecue, braising(炖), bread baking and fermentation—and, as the book’s subtitle promises, explores cooking as no less than a transformation of nature into food and drink.

【小题1】Which of the following is Pollan’s advice?
A.Turning to professionals for help.
B.Learning the processes of cooking.
C.Carrying out many food movements.
D.Understanding philosophies about food.
【小题2】What can we infer according to The Omnivore’s Dilemma?
A.This book is about the dilemma of home cooking.
B.The author advocates a practice-oriented approach.
C.The author aims to express concern over the planet.
D.This book shows the author’s reliability on willingness.
【小题3】Which section is likely to mention “fermentation” (in para. 4) in Cooked?
A.airB.fireC.earthD.water
【小题4】Where does the text most likely originate from?
A.A book review.B.A recipe book.
C.A health guidebook.D.A scientific journal.

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