Sandstorms are among the most violent natural disasters. High winds lift dirt or sand into the air, causing damage, injuries, and deaths. 【小题1】, it’s a good idea to know what to do if you see a wall of sand racing toward you.

Put a mask over your nose and mouth. If you have a mask, put it on immediately. 【小题2】, wrap a piece of cloth tightly around your head to protect your nose and mouth.

Look for shelter (避难所). 【小题3】, so long as it is off the road and not in danger of getting hit. Sand will fly around when it hits objects, so you should still try to cover as much of your skin and face as possible. If you cannot get to shelter, try to stay low to the ground and protect your head with your arms, a backpack or a pillow.

【小题4】. Look for a large rock to cover as much of your body as possible to protect yourself from flying sand. Flying sand can hurt, but a dust storm’s high winds can also carry heavier (more dangerous) objects.

Wait out the storm. Don’t try to move through the storm; it’s much too dangerous. Stay where you are and wait for it to pass before you attempt to move to a different location. If you can quickly reach such shelter before a dust storm reaches you, get there as quickly as possible and stay inside. 【小题5】.

Speaking from his home in Lahore, the prime minister of Pakistan, Shehbaz Sharif said he should not be forced to go out with a “begging bowl” to rich polluting nations after the floods that have destroyed the country and said he would be seeking “climate justice” from the international community.

Sharif warned that Pakistan was facing an unprecedented crisis of health, food security and internal displacement after floods put a third of Pakistan’s regions under water. Some areas were hit by 1.7m of rainfall, the highest on record. Scientists have determined the floods were due to climate breakdown. As Pakistan is responsible for 0.8% of global carbon emissions, Sharif said it was the “responsibility of the developed countries, who caused these emissions, to stand by us.”

Till now, the official death toll from the floods is 1,600, though many estimates on the ground have been higher. More than 9 million people have been displaced and over 2 million homes destroyed, and millions of families have been forced to live in makeshift shelters on roadsides. The extent of the damage has been put at between $30bn (f26bn) and $35bn, but Sharif said it was “a rough estimate, it could be more”, with more than 19,000 miles of roads destroyed along with bridges, railways and power lines, as well as 4m hectares (10m acres) of crops washed away. “Let me be clear, this is about climate justice,” said Sharif. Should I be asked to cast my appeal into a begging bowl? That’s unjust, unfair.

Pakistan’s suffering has captured the attention of the international community. Last month, the US president, Joe Biden, used his speech at the UN general assembly in New York to urge countries to help Pakistan, and the leaders of the UK, France, Saudi Arabia, China and more have given millions in donations and pledged further support. Sharif said while he was grateful for the “very touching words and statements”, but what is more important is practical demonstration of these statements into action”.

Sharif pointed to the unfulfilled promise made by rich nations a decade ago to commit $100bn a year in a climate fund for less developed nations. “They should take notice of the situation, take responsibility before the damage becomes irreparable — not just for Pakistan, but for the world.”

Cities are likely to be affected by overheating, thanks to something called the urban heat island effect. Cities tend to be short of trees, which provide shade, and they are covered with black pavement, which absorbs heat from the sun. Think of how it feels to wear a dark shit versus a white shit on a sunny day. A black shirt absorbs light, heating you up. But a white shirt reflects light, keeping you cool.

The average temperature in a city of a million or more people can be more than 5 degrees hotter than surrounding areas. That extra 5 degrees can turn a hot day from uncomfortable to deadly.

As temperatures rise, cities will be an especially dangerous place to be during a heat wave. To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.

As part of that effort, Los Angeles is coating its roads in CoolSeal, a gray paint that keeps streets and parking lots 10 degrees cooler than black asphalt（沥青）. It will help Angelinos save money during the summer, when air conditioning sends power bills soaring. And it will save lives by lowering temperatures and improving air quality. Hot weather worsens air pollution by turning car exhaust into smog, which can make life miserable for people with asthma（哮喘）and other breathing problems.

Of course, LA will have to do more than paint over a few streets to cool off the city. Angelinos will also need to plant more trees and apply white paint to rooftops—at least those not already covered in solar panels. While LA is a pioneer of reflective streets, other cities, like New York, are already experimenting with reflective roofs or, like Melbourne, lowering the temperature by planting trees. LA is hardly alone in its effort to stay cool.

"This is an urgent challenge, and it's much bigger than one person, "said Mayor Garctti in a recent statement. "Climate change is a fact of life that people in Los Angeles and cities around the world live with every day. "