The science of papermaking addresses the methods, equipment, and materials used to make paper and cardboard, these being used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes and useful products. Today almost all paper is produced using industrial machinery. 【小题1】

The method of manual（手工的）papermaking changed very little over time, despite advances in technologies.【小题2】Separate the useful fibre from the rest of raw materials. Beat down the fibre into pulp（纸浆）.Adjust the color, chemical, biological, and other properties of the paper. Screen （筛选）the resulting liquid. Press and dry to get the actual paper.

【小题3】 It is made of stainless materials and set in a wooden frame similar to that of a window. Then completely bathe it in the liquid and draw it out. Water is removed and the wet mat of fibre is laid on top of a damp cloth. The fairly damp fiber is then dried. Finally, the paper is then cut to the desired shape and packed.

The wooden frame is called a “deckle” （定纸框）. 【小题4】 The “deckle edges” are one of the indications that the paper was made by hand. Deckle-edged paper is occasionally imitated today to create the impression of old-fashioned luxury.

【小题5】 It is also used in paper factories to check the quality of the production process. The “handsheets" made according to TAPPI Standard T205 are tested for paper characteristics such as brightness, strength and degree of sizing.