Everyone knows that death is natural, but do you have any idea of the process of dying? Modern scientists divide the process of dying into two periods—clinical or temporary death and biological death. Clinical death occurs when the important organs, such as the heart or lungs, have stopped to function, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism (有机体) can still be revived. Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the “breaking up” of important cells and tissues. Death is then unchangeable.
Scientists have been seeking a way to lengthen the period of clinical death so that the organism can remain alive before biological death occurs. The best method developed so far involves cooling of the organism, combined with narcotic (麻醉的) sleep. By slowing down the body’s metabolism (新陈代谢), cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.
To illustrate how this works, scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called Keta. The scientist put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from an artery (动脉). The monkey’s blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped: clinical death set in. For twenty minutes Keta remained in this state. Her temperature dropped to 22 degrees. At this point the scientists pumped blood into an artery in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing. After two minutes Keta’s heart became active once more. After fifteen minutes, spontaneous (自发的) breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her head. After six hours, when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin injection, Keta seized the syringe (注射器) and ran with it around the room. It showed that Keta had nothing different from any other healthy animal.
【小题1】For a person who suffers from the clinical death, _________.A.he can’t avoid final death |
B.he is still very much alive |
C.his most important organs are damaged |
D.he still has the possibility of getting back to life |
A.cool the organism |
B.slow down the body’s metabolism |
C.delay the coming of biological death |
D.bring important cells and tissues back to active life |
A.By surrounding her body with ice-bags and draining her blood. |
B.By lowing her blood pressure and stopping her heart from beating. |
C.By putting her to sleep, lowering her temperature and draining her blood. |
D.By draining her blood, lowering her blood pressure and stopping her breathing. |
A.Her heart beat again. |
B.She seized the syringe and ran away with it. |
C.She regained her normal breath. |
D.She opened her eyes and lifted her head. |
Sam is a fourth-year student at Harvard Medical School,but poetry is still a big part of his life,now with a new teacher,Rafael Campo,who believes poetry can benefit every doctor’s education and work. Rafael is a physician,professor and a highly respected poet.
“Poetry is in every encounter(邂逅)with my patients. I think healing is really in a very great way about poetry. And if we do anything when we’re with our patients,we’re really immersing(使沉浸于)ourselves in their stories,really hearing their voices. And,certainly,that’s what a poem does,”he said.
Rafael worries that something important has been lost in medicine and medical education today:humanity,which he finds in poetry. To end that,he leads a weekly reading and writing workshop for medical students and residents(住院医生).
He thinks medical training focuses too much on distancing the doctor from his or her patients,and poems can help close that gap.
Third-year resident Andrea Schwartz was one of the workshop regulars. She said. “I think there’s no other profession other than medicine that produces as many writers as it does. And I think that is because there’s just so much power in doctors and patients interacting when patients are at their saddest. ”Not everyone believes that’s what doctors should do,though.
Rafael said,“I was afraid of how people might judge me,actually. In the medical profession,as many people know,we must always put the emergency first. But,you know,that kind of treatment,if it’s happening in the hospital,very regrettably,sadly,results in a bad outcome. The family is sitting by the bedside. The patient hasn’t survived the cancer. Don’t we still have a role as healers there?”
In a poem titled“Health”,Rafael writes of the wish to live forever in a world made painless by our incurable joy. He says he will continue teaching students,helping patients and writing poems,his own brand of medicine.
【小题1】What do we know about Rafael Campo?A.He works as a doctor. | B.He is under medical care. |
C.He is a literature professor. | D.He knows little about poetry. |
A.The importance of medical training. |
B.The effect of poetry in medical treatment. |
C.The similarity involved in poetry and medical work. |
D.The present relationship between patients and doctors. |
A.It comforts patients’family. |
B.It contributes to medical work. |
C.It has nothing to do with doctors. |
D.It keeps doctors away from patients. |
A.It requires a lot of spare time. |
B.It can provide a useful tool for doctors. |
C.It has little effect on patients’conditions. |
D.It should be included in emergency treatments. |
A drug used to treat severe bleeding could save thousands of lives for mothers giving birth. A global trial of the drug found it reduced the risk of bleeding deaths during childbirth by nearby one-third. The study involved 20,000 women in 21 countries, mainly in Africa and Asia. The trial was carried out by London’s School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The drug is called tranexamic acid(氨甲环酸). It is low-cost and researchers said it does not cause serious side effects for mothers or babies.
The drug is used to treat mothers for severe bleeding during childbirth, also known as postpartum hemorrhage(产后出血). It is the leading cause of mother’s death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.
Haleema Shakur is the project director of the trial. She says despite medical advances in many countries, severe bleeding after childbirth remains a big problem in some parts of the world. “It’s one of the biggest killers of mothers. In Africa and Asia, about 10 percent of women will end up with severe bleeding.” The drug works by stopping blood clots(血凝块)from breaking down after a mother gives birth. The treatment can prevent the need for doctors to perform surgery to find the source of bleeding.
Shakur said the best results were reported when the drug was given to women as soon as possible after childbirth, “The earlier you give it—so within the first three hours of giving birth— the better the effect is.”
The next step will be to get the drug where it is needed and provide training for doctors and nurses on how to use it. During the trial, women were given the drug in a hospital. But researchers are looking for easier ways to administer the drug so it can be more widely used in small clinics and rural areas.
【小题1】Tranexamic acid is a drug that ______.A.should be used for every mother |
B.helps mothers before giving birth |
C.can help mothers giving birth stop bleeding |
D.ensures most new-born babies’ health |
A.To know how much the drug is. |
B.To get permission to use the drug. |
C.To make medical staff know how to use the drug |
D.To let more people know the drug |
A.The more mothers use the drug, the better its effect is. |
B.African and Asian countries made great progress in medicine. |
C.Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of women’s death. |
D.There is a long way to go before the drug can be used more widely. |
A.Care for the Health of Mothers |
B.How Can We Use Tranexamic Acid Well? |
C.What’s the Biggest Killer of Mothers? |
D.Childbirth Drug Greatly Reduces Bleeding Deaths |
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