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Last year, Wolf Cukier, who is 17 years old, spent his summer vacation as few other rising seniors have:he helped discover a planet-TOI 1338b, the newly identified world orbiting two stars which are more than 1, 300 light years away.

Last July, just after he finished his junior year at Scarsdale High school in Scarsdale, New York, Wolf started an internship(实习期) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

During the first week of the internship, as be combed through data that had been flagged by citizen-scientists. he fixed attention on s system that included two orbiting stars. He identified a body in that system that was later proved as a planet about 6.9 times as large as Earth. while knowing this inspiring discovery, his colleagues immediately gave the system a name, TOI 1338b.

According to scientific research, any dip in the brightness of a single star is a good indication that a planet has crossed in front of it. However, TOI 1338b was particularly complicated because it involved two stars-a large star ere the planers track was easy to detect, and a smaller one where the planet's track was so small that it was not observable.

Many people think that wolf is a lucky dog, but as a matter of fact, it is not just a coincidence. When he studied in Junior High School, he had shown great passion on astronomy and was devoted to studying it. Wolf plans to study astrophysics(天体物理学) when he starts college in September. When it came to his contribution to the discovery of the new world. he emphasized it was the team work in the verification process rather than his own effort that counted.

【小题1】What did Wolf do last year?
A.He was employed by NASA.
B.He finished his senior year in High School.
C.He spent his summer vacation like other seniors.
D.He helped find a new planet named TOI 1338b.
【小题2】How can we describe Wolf?
A.Modest and hardworking.B.Ambitious and casual.
C.Considerate and lucky.D.Optimistic and helpful.
【小题3】What can be inferred according to the text?
A.The planet was named by Wolf.
B.The planet is the same size as the Earth.
C.The planet was easy to discover as there are two stars involved.
D.Team work in the verification process was highly valued by Wolf.
【小题4】Where is this text most likely from?
A.A diary.B.A magazine.
C.A guidebook.D.A scientific novel.
19-20高三下·安徽芜湖·阶段练习
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For those who are addicted to mobile devices(终端), drawing provides some much needed time out. Nowadays, there is a global pencil shortage thanks to a sharp rise in the number of adults purchasing coloring books. Manufactures are reportedly struggling to deal with the heightened popularity of quality crayons(蜡笔).

British company Faber-Castell, the world’s largest pencil supplier, witnessed “double-digit(两位数)growth” in the sale of pencils. Workers in their German factory have been asked to do extra shifts in an effort to keep up with consumer demand.

“The production of our artists’ pencils has increased strongly compared to the previous year,” Sandra Suppa from Faber-Castell tells The Independent. “People are now not satisfied with ‘just’ 36 colors and we are noticing a trend(趋势)in people preferring, bigger sets of 72 or even 120 colors for colouring. We are also noticing that people are investing in our highest quality artists’ pencils.”

Regarded as the final cure for stress and anxiety, coloring in is a way to take a break from our fast-paced digital culture. It’s not just British who are rushing to buy crayons as the trend is a global one. Staedtler, the Nuremberg-based German pencil maker, is having trouble keeping supply levels up.”We have plans for expanding our resources. Right now we’re working at our limit,” a spokesperson tells Spiegel Online. Brazil has also suffered from pencil shortages, according to NEW York Post.

Coloring books for adults are now a feature in bookshops across the world. British seller, Waterstones reported a 300 percent rise in sales of the therapeutic(有助于放松精神的)books in the past year.

【小题1】What in paragraph 1 mainly about?
A.A high demand for quality pencils.B.A growing interest in drawing.
C.An addiction to mobile devices.D.A shortage of coloring books.
【小题2】How does the German factory deal with its problem in paragraph 2?
A.By opening up new markets in Brazil.B.By rising the price of pencils sharply.
C.By seeking the British company' s help.D.By arranging more groups of workers.
【小题3】What is the cause of the popularity of coloring books?
A.Mobile devices are far more expensive than coloring books
B.Workers in crayon factories refuse to do extra shifts.
C.Coloring in can free one from pressure and worry.
D.Coloring in can promote one's creative spirit.
【小题4】Where can you find data to show the increasing sales of coloring books?
A.Paragraph 2.B.Paragraph 3.C.Paragraph 4.D.Paragraph 5.

Using a headset at home to deliver a low electrical current to the brain can relieve symptoms of depression. The approach, called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is effective when used several times a week for half an hour at a time.

Previous trials have shown that the treatment works under medical supervision in a clinic or lab. Now, a randomized trial has demonstrated that a tDCS headset can also reduce depression symptoms when worn at home. Depression is usually treated with talking therapies (治疗) or by taking antidepressant medicines, but these don’t help everyone.

Several forms of electrical brain stimulation may have the potential to treat depression. With tDCS, sponge electrodes (海绵电极) are placed on the left and right sides of the forehead, causing a mild current to flow from the left to the right. This makes brain cells on the left side more likely to fire, with some studies suggesting that activity in this region, known as the left is low in people with depression.

Repeated sessions of stimulation may lead to longer-term changes in the brain cells, increasing their activity levels, says team member Cynthia Fu at the University of East London. Affecting activity in this region probably changes activity in multiple areas, she says.

To see if people can benefit from using such a device at home, Fu and her colleagues tested a tDCS headset made by Swedish firm Flow Neuroscience. The team randomly assigned 174 people with moderate or severe depression to receive either a full session of stimulation from the Flow headset or stimulation from the same device that lasted just a few seconds, so people felt their skin tingling (刺痛), at the start and end of each session.

While the depression symptoms of both groups improved on a 52-point scale, those who got the real treatment showed the most benefit. Those who got the real stimulation were more likely to report skin redness and anger, however, and two people experienced burns from using sponges that had dried out.

The results may get such headsets taken more seriously by doctors, says Nick Davis at Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. “This feels really positive.” he says.

【小题1】What’s the function of the first paragraph?
A.To introduce a new headset.B.To lead in the topic of the text.
C.To analyze an important theory.D.To present the result of a study.
【小题2】How does a tDCS headset work?
A.By increasing the activity of brain cells.
B.By stimulating the right area of the brain.
C.By sending a low electrical current to the brain.
D.By changing activity in multiple brain regions.
【小题3】What is one potential side effect of using a tDCS headset at home?
A.Sleep disorder.B.Burns from using dried-out sponges.
C.Addition to antidepressant medicine.D.Improvement in mood and energy levels.
【小题4】What’s the Nick’s attitude towards the tDCS approach?
A.Optimistic.B.Skeptical.C.Critical.D.Hopeless.

The industrial revolution was the biggest transformation in economic history. For centuries scholars have sought to understand why this process occurred in Britain around 1750. But opinions vary and some explanations are hard to prove. Researchers are now testing theories by studying why similar parts of Britain industrialized at different rates. New papers have provided evidence for a few key factors: slave-owners’ wealth, businesspersons who stood to benefit from investing, and shortages of lower-skilled workers.

Industrialization requires investment. To measure the impact of available wealth, Hans-Joachim Voth analyzed geographic variation in ownership of plantations (种植园). The wealth that Britons gained from slaves in South America flowed mainly to a few cities, such as Liverpool. By the 1830s these regions had large numbers of cotton mills and shares of workers employed in manufacturing. Other factors could have made these areas both gather wealth from slavery and industrialize quickly. But the paper tries to study slavery’s impact using slave ships’ voyages. Long journeys, caused mainly by bad weather, reduced the share of the survival of slaves and thus traders’ profits. And among similar areas, shorter trips in the 1830s meant faster industrialization.

Investors still needed to be financially driven to buy machines. In early modern Britain, most tenant farmers paid fixed rents, stopping both workers who moved elsewhere and landlords from profiting from investment. However, in 1536-40 Henry VIII ended the monasteries (修道院) and sold their land. The buyers could farm or rent it on market terms. A study by Leander shows that areas once owned by monasteries were the pioneers of industrialization. By the 1830s they had unusually large numbers of workers in trades and crafts, agricultural- machine patents(专利), textile workshops and grain separators. Those market-based farms created a commercial class and became a driving force for technological advances.

Another factor that has gained support is labour shortages. Mr. Voth studied Britain’s wars with France in 1793-1815, when there was a workforce shortage. They found that adoption of devices replacing manual labour was greatest in areas where the most men joined the army.

The strength of evidence for each of these causes implies that industrialization probably required a complex mix of conditions. Many important factors are hard to test statistically. But measuring even a few is a promising advance.

【小题1】What is true about Voth’s study about slave ownership?
A.Liverpool grew fat on the basis of the slave trade.
B.Slaves could hardly find jobs in manufacturing industry.
C.The parts with more slaves were slower to industrialize.
D.Longer slave ships’ voyages meant greater traders’ profits.
【小题2】What was the result of Henry VIII’s ending the monasteries and selling their land?
A.It encouraged agricultural development.
B.It promoted an increasing market economy.
C.It cut across the line of race and religion.
D.It raised money for the industrial revolution.
【小题3】What message did the author want to convey by mentioning Britain’s wars with France?
A.Manual labor should be highly valued by the government.
B.Social and political problems may lead to the outbreak of wars.
C.Most men were reluctant to join the army because of financial burdens.
D.Modern machines were invented massively due to the workforce shortage.
【小题4】What can be the best title for the text?
A.The Geographic Variation in the Industrial Revolution
B.The Role Slave-owners Play in the Industrial Revolution
C.Causes of the Industrial Revolution Identified by New Studies
D.The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Britain’s Economy

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