The history of writing instruments, with which humans have recorded and conveyed thoughts and feelings, is the history of civilization itself. This is how we know about our ancestors and their life.
The handy sharpened-stone was adapted into the first writing instrument. Around 24, 000 BC, cavemen started drawing pictures with the stone onto the walls of their caves.
Before paper came along, people used clay or wax tablets on which they wrote with sharp objects such as metal sticks or bones. Around 6000 years ago, the Egyptians invented the first paper-like material called papyrus (纸莎草纸). The word “paper” actually comes from the word “papyrus.”
Another writing instrument that remained active in history for long period was the quill (鹅毛) pen. Introduced around 700 AD, the quill was a pen made from a bird feather. Goose feathers were most common.
When writers had better inks and paper and handwriting had developed into both an art form and an everyday occurrence, man’s inventive nature once again turned to improving the writing instrument.
A.Then something was needed to write upon the papyrus. |
B.The papyrus became the most popular material at that time. |
C.Swan feathers were of high quality, being rare and most expensive. |
D.Bamboo stems were better and much more expensive than goose feathers. |
E.These were mostly the stems of grass, especially from the bamboo plant. |
F.This led to the development of the modern fountain pen in the 19th century. |
G.These drawings showed events in daily life like the planting of crops or hunting victories. |
Tower Bridge is a bascule bridge in London, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as London Bridge, which is the next bridge upstream(在上游). It is one of five London bridges now owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, increased commercial(贸易的) development in the East End of London led to a requirement for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. A Special Bridge or Subway Committee was formed in 1876 to find a solution to the river crossing problem. It opened the design of the crossing to public competition. Over 50 designs were received. The judgment of the designs was surrounded by argument, and it wasn’t until 1884 that a design sent by Horace Jones was sanctioned.
Construction of the bridge started in 1886 and took about 8 years’ hard work of 432 construction workers. Over 70,000 tons of concrete were sunk into the river bed to support the construction. Over 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework(框架) for the towers and walkways. Horace Jones died in 1887, and another engineer took over the project. The bridge was opened in 1894.
The bridge sits almost directly above the Tower Subway, the world’s first underground tube railway (1870), which, until the bridge was opened, was the shortest way to cross the River Thames. A computer system was installed(安装) in 2000 to control the raising and lowering of the bascule. However, this has proved less reliable than expected, resulting in the bridge being stuck in the open or closed position on a number of occasions.
【小题1】What does Paragraph 1 say about Tower Bridge?A.It’s named after a famous person. |
B.It’s another name for London Bridge. |
C.It’s not far from the Tower of London. |
D.It’s the only bridge over the River Thames. |
A.Tried. | B.Received. |
C.Discovered. | D.Passed. |
A.The history of Tower Bridge. | B.The building of Tower Bridge. |
C.The influence of Tower Bridge. | D.The importance of Tower Bridge. |
A.Many breakdowns have happened to Tower Bridge. |
B.The computer system works better than expected. |
C.The underground tube railway has a history of less than 20 years. |
D.The Tower Subway is the shortest way to cross the River Thames. |
Facilities like electric rice cookers, microwaves, and electric kettles, make it easy for people to keep food warm and enjoy a comfortable winter. So how did Chinese people in ancient times keep food warm in winter without these? In fact, ancient Chinese people used their own methods of heat preservation as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
● “Wen Ding”, ancient rice cooker
One of the major functions of an electric rice cooker is to keep food warm. The “Wen Ding”, an ancient cooking container, served the same purpose, but instead of using electric energy, the ancient cooking container, served the same purpose, but instead of using electric energy, the ancient cooking container preserved heart by burning fuels like charcoal.
The “Wen Ding” unearthed in Nanjing in 1989 is thought to be the oldest of its kind discovered in China, dating back to the Stone Age, The craftsmanship of making the “Wen Ding” was developed in the Bronze Age. The bronze Ding from Shang and Zhou dynasties took on different shapes and structures.
● “Ran LU”, ancient small hot pot
The “Ran LU” is a small size cooking vessel(器皿)made of bronze, which can be divided into three parts. A charcoal stove forms the main structure, with a bottom tray to hold charcoal ashes, and a movable cup at the top. Some experts have concluded that the vessel’s structure suggests it may have been used as a small hot pot and that these vessels became popular in the Warring States Period(475—221 BC)
●Bronze You, ancient kettle
The Bronze You was one of the most common wine containers during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The Bronze You can also be used to warm wine. For example, the Bronze You with beast mask design, unearthed in Jiangxi province, has an opening where charcoals could be placed. Just as people today can’t do without an electric kettle, the Bronze You allowed people to enjoy a hot drink
●Bronze Yan, ancient steamer
Although the “Wen Ding” was effective at keeping food warm, the ancient Chinese people later found that its burning produced pollution. As a result, the Bronze Yan was made with a two-tier structure and used to steam rice and other grains. After the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-AD 220), further improvements to the Bronze Yan led to the modern-day steamer.
【小题1】When did the “Ran LU” become popular?
A.In the Zhou Dynasty |
B.In the Warring States Period |
C.In the Eastern Han dynasty |
D.In the Stone Age |
A.store wine | B.pour water |
C.place charcoals | D.hold charcoal ashes |
A.It is warm |
B.It is convenient |
C.It is environment-friendly |
D.It is useful |
A.The “Wen Ding”. | B.The “Ren LU”. |
C.The Bronze You | D.The Bronze Yan |
Scientists have discovered a bit of hand-made string (线绳) that’s around 50,000 years old in Neanderthal remains. The first Neanderthal remains were found in the Neander Valley in Germany, which is where the name comes from. Neanderthals may have lived mainly in caves and made stone tools, but recent discoveries have given hints that Neanderthals developed some advanced skills that people used to think impossible. For example, Neanderthals knew how to make glue from the bark (树皮) of a tree.
Now, scientists report they’ve found a piece of string on a stone tool made by Neanderthals. Before this, the oldest known piece of string was one made by humans about 19,000 years ago. The string is about a quarter of an inch long. Almost all things made from plants during that time have broken down and disappeared, so it’s very special to find this bit of string.
The scientists don’t know whether the string was attached to the tool. But that doesn’t interest them as much as the fact that Neanderthals knew how to make string. Bruce Hardy, the lead scientist on the project, says that knowing how to make string was meaningful for humans. “We wouldn’t really be here today without that technology,” he says.
Making string is a very arduous process. This string was made from the inside bark of an evergreen tree. To make string that is strong enough, the string must be made of several smaller fibers twisted (缠绕) together in a special way. For the Neanderthal string, several fibers needed to be twisted together into something like yarn. Then three pieces of yam needed to be twisted together in the opposite direction to make the final string.
The scientists Aren’t sure what the string was used for, but they say that string like. the bit that was found could be used to make bags, baskets, traps, or other things. The researchers also suggest that because Neanderthals needed to make pairs and count fibers to make the string, the bit of string may also tell us something about the kinds of math that Neanderthals could do.
【小题1】What can we know about Neanderthals?A.They were named after a nation. |
B.They didn’t know how to make tools. |
C.They were not as smart as scientists thought. |
D.They may master more skills than people realized. |
A.It is surprisingly long. |
B.It was made from wood. |
C.It survives a long history. |
D.It was attached to a stone tool. |
A.Neanderthals strengthened stone tools with the string. |
B.The scientists think the string is part of the stone tool. |
C.The string-making skill is of great importance to humans. |
D.Neanderthals had great difficulty in inventing the string. |
A.Difficult. | B.Normal. |
C.Creative. | D.Boring. |
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