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We've certainly seen a dog nursing a wound, or a deer calling out in pain. But many animals suffer in silence. The most silent sufferers in the animal world may be fish.

Do fish feel pain? A new study from the University of Liverpool has found that fish feel pain in a way that's "strikingly similar" to humans. For the study, Lynne Sneddon, from the university's Institute of Integrative Biology, reviewed the existing body of research 98 studies in all and concluded that they feel pain just as sharply as we do."

When subject to a potentially painful event, fish show changes in behavior such as stopping feeding and reduced activity, which are prevented when a pain-relieving drug is provided. In fact, like us, they breathe heavily and stop eating when they're hurting. They will even rub the part of their body that aches." Sneddon notes in a university release.

To understand pain in other species, scientists look at nociceptors (疼痛感受器), which send signals to the brain when the body is being damaged. Humans have them throughout their skin, bones and muscles. Nociceptors have also been found in many other species, including even those tiny fruit flies.

Fish have the same means to detect pain signals and the equipment to receive them. Besides, the fishermen's opinion that fish feel no pain just doesn't add up from an evolutionary view. Pain is an efficient messenger that tells, us that we've got a problem. An animal that can't feel it won't get that memo (ER), even if it hurts itself.

"If we accept fish experience pain, then this has great significance for how we treat them," Sneddon says. "Care should be taken when handling fish to avoid damaging theirs sensitive skin and they should be humanely caught and killed."

【小题1】What can we learn about fish?
A.They are insensitive to pain.B.They are able to sense pain.
C.They won't react to painkillers.D.Their brain is the first to send pain signals.
【小题2】What will a fish do when its lips get hurt?
A.It might rub its lips.B.It will keep its mouth open.
C.It will swim around like crazy.D.It will keep eating to forget pain.
【小题3】What is the significance of the study according to Sneddon?
A.People will treat fish in a kinder way.
B.People can understand evolution better.
C.People can develop more drugs to save fish.
D.People will think of more ways to catch fish.
【小题4】What does the underlined part "add up" probably mean?
A.Disappear.B.Put forward.
C.Make sense.D.Happen.
19-20高三下·河北石家庄·阶段练习
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When I was a baby, I entertained you and made you laugh. Whenever I was “bad”, you'd shake your finger at me and ask, “How could you?”--but then you'd give up, and roll me over for a belly scratch and I believed that life could not be any more perfect.

My housetraining was a long process, because you were terribly busy, but we worked on that together. We went for long walks, runs in the park and car rides. We stopped for ice cream. I took long naps in the sun waiting for you to come home at the end of the day.

Gradually, you began spending more time at work and on your career, and more time searching for a human mate. Eventually, you fell in love. She, now your wife, is not a dog person, but I still welcomed her into our home. I was happy because you were happy. Then the human babies came along and I shared your excitement, I was fascinated by their pinkness, how they smelled, and I wanted to mother them too. Your wife was afraid I would bite them. But nevertheless, as they began to grow, I became their friend.

Now, you have a new job in another city and you and they will be moving to an apartment that does not allow pets. You've made the right decision for your “family”, but there was a time when I was your only family.

I was excited about the car ride until we arrived at the dog pound. It smelled of dogs and cats, of fear, of hopelessness. You filled out the paperwork and said, “I know you will find a good home for her.” They shrugged and gave you a pained look. The children were in tears as they waved me goodbye. And “How could you?” were the only three words that swept over my mind.

Is it better to live with hope or without hope? At first, whenever anyone passed my pen , I rushed to the front, hoping it was you, that you had changed your mind and that this was all a bad dream.

My beloved master, I will think of you and wait for you forever. I hope you receive more faithfulness from your family than you showed to me.

【小题1】Why was the dog excited about the car ride?
A.It thought of moving with its master.
B.It hoped to be adopted(收养)by another family.
C.It was longing for the life at the pound
D.It was happy about its master's decision.
【小题2】The underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 shows that ________.
A.the dog had done many bad thingsB.the dog would be given less care
C.the master's decision upset the dogD.the master left the dog with regret
【小题3】Which is true about the dog when it lived at the pound?
A.It felt disappointed with its master.B.It continued to love its former owner.
C.It did not trust humans any more.D.It was excited about the pound.
【小题4】What is the theme of the story?
A.Be ready for changes.B.Never expect too much.
C.Never complain about your life.D.Be faithful to those who love you.

Brownie and Spotty were neighbor dogs who met every day to play together. Like pairs of dogs you can find in any neighborhood, these two loved each other and played together so often that they had worn a path through the grass of the field between their houses.

One evening, Brownie’s family noticed that Brownie hadn’t returned home. They went looking for him with no success. Brownie didn’t show up the next day, and, although they made their efforts to find him, by the next week he was still missing, Curiously, Spotty showed up at Brownie’s house alone, barking and jumping. Busy with their own lives, they paid no attention to the nervous little neighbor dog.

Finally, one morning Spotty refused to take “no” for an answer. Ted, Brownie’s owner, was continuously disturbed by the angry, determined little dog. Spotty followed Ted about, barking all the time, then darting toward a nearby empty lot and back, as if to say, “Follow me! It’s urgent!”

Eventually, Ted followed Spotty across the empty lot as Spotty stopped to race back and barked encouragingly. The little dog led the man to a deserted spot a half mile from the house. There Ted found his beloved Brownie alive, one of his legs crushed in a steel trap (圈套). Frightened, Ted now wished he had taken Spotty’s earlier appeals seriously.

Then Ted noticed something. Spotty had done something else besides leading Brownie’s human owner to his trapped friend. In a circle around the injured dog, Ted found some food remains of every meal. Brownie had been fed that week! Spotty had been visiting Brownie regularly, in the hope of keeping his friend alive. Spotty had actually stayed with Brownie to protect him from hunger and other dangers, and keep his spirits up.

Brownie’s leg was carefully treated and he soon got well again. For many years thereafter the two families watched the faithful friends chasing each other down that well-worn path between their houses.

【小题1】At the very beginning, Ted paid little attention to Spotty because __________.
A.he was not free at the momentB.he was sure Brownie would be OK
C.he didn’t like Spotty at allD.his missing dog made him sad
【小题2】The underlined word “darting” in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by ___________.
A.rushingB.shoutingC.walkingD.looking
【小题3】After Ted was brought where Brownie was trapped, he ___________.
A.managed to free his dog at onceB.was very thankful to Spotty
C.regretted not following Spotty earlierD.was angry with the trap-maker
【小题4】We can infer from the passage that ___________.
A.humans and animals depend on each other for comfort
B.it’s not right to hunt for animals in any neighborhood
C.Ted has to take better care of his beloved dog later on
D.Brownie would have died without Spotty’s timely help

Have you ever seen your cat or dog eating grass? They do so because it can help their digestion, and many wild species use natural substances to prevent and control diseases. This is called “zoo pharmacognosy” or, more commonly, animal self-medication.

Scientists have discovered that tamarin monkeys use a specific tree resin (树脂) as medicine. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, scientists followed several groups of them to collect data. During one of these daily studies, tamarin monkeys were observed rubbing their bodies on the trunk of a tree. At first, researchers thought that they were marking their territory, a common behaviour in this species. Botanical experts later confirmed that the tree was a species of cabreuva, which is well known for its medical properties.

Researchers decided to place camera-traps in different sites at the foot of the tree to record future visits by tamarin monkeys. The records surprisingly showed that many animals living in the forest visited it. Totally, ten species were observed. For many of them, it was the first time that behaviors similar to self-medication had been observed. More surprisingly, one species spread resin on each other’s fur in pairs. In general, the species seemed to specifically visit the tree to acquire the resin and seemingly benefit from it, either healing their wounds or fighting back parasites (寄生虫).

While further studies are needed to identify the properties of the resin and thus confirm that this is indeed self-medication, the use of it suggests that cabreuva represents a common and universal drugstore for the residents of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. It is likely to be a valuable resource helping the species maintain their magnitude by improving their health.

This discovery could have an important protection influence, as the disappearance of some trees could potentially affect the survival of some animals.

【小题1】Why do tamarin monkeys rub themselves against the tree?
A.They are trying to cure diseases.B.They would like to digest what they eat.
C.They feel like occupying the land.D.They are attracting companions’ attention.
【小题2】What do researchers find through camera-traps?
A.Many animals copy monkeys’ behaviors.B.Animals can help each other clean the fur.
C.The cabreduva is the habitat of tamarin monkeys.D.Resin can be used as medicine for some animals
【小题3】What does the underlined word “magnitude” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Populations.B.Characteristics.C.Similarities.D.Flexibilities.
【小题4】What is the possible significance of the discovery?
A.Promoting evolution of creatures.B.Increasing the production of resin.
C.Contributing to forest conservation.D.Motivating the study of monkeys’ diet.

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