Although we live in an era where everything seems to be available immediately, our study suggests that today’s kids can delay gratification(满足感) longer than children in the 1960s and 1980s,“ said University of Minnesota psychologist Stephanie M. Carlson.” This finding stands in great contrast with the assumption by adults that today’s children have less self-control than previous generations.
The original marshmallow(棉花糖) test conducted by researchers at Stanford University involved a series of experiments in which children aged between 3 and 5 years were offered one treat that they could eat immediately or a larger treat if they waited. Researchers then left the room to see how long the children would wait and watched from behind a one-way mirror.
Interestingly, today's adults thought that children nowadays would be more impulsive and less able to wait, Carlson found. "Our findings serve as an example of how our beliefs can be wrong and how it's important to do research,” said co-author Yuichi Shoda, PhD at the University of Washington.
The researchers offered several possible explanations for why children in the 2000s waited longer than those in prior decades. They noted a statistically significant increase in IQ scores in the last several decades. Another explanation may be society's increased focus on the importance of early education, according to Carlson. The primary objective of preschool changed from largely custodial care (监护) to school readiness in the 1980s. Parenting also has changed in ways that help promote the development of executive function, such as being more supportive of children's self-control, the researchers noted.
Walter Mischel of Columbia University, who co-authored this paper, noted that “while the results indicate that the children’s ability to delay is not weakened on the marshmallow test, the findings do not speak to their willingness to delay gratification when faced with the many temptations now available in everyday life.”
【小题1】According to the passage, what is the adults' assumption about today's children?A.They are not easy to please. |
B.They are less able to control themselves. |
C.They don't like things that are easy to get. |
D.They have different personalities from previous generations. |
A.productive | B.considerate |
C.clear-minded | D.hot-headed |
A.They are more prepared to go to school. |
B.They are not as clever as previous generations. |
C.They are taught self-control only by their teachers. |
D.They don’t need any custodial care in their early childhood. |
A.Most children nowadays can't resist the temptations of everyday life. |
B.Children chose to delay gratification willingly in the marshmallow test. |
C.The test can’t accurately measure children's willingness to delay gratification. |
D.Children’s ability to delay gratification is weakened because there are many temptations. |
It’s cold and dark outside, and your bed is so warm and comfortable. Going for a run seems like such a bad idea. But before you put your running shoes away, it might be worth giving that crazy idea a try.
According to The Huffington Post,an outdoor run in winter, instead of running on a treadmill (跑步机), burns more calories (卡路里) because the body is working hard to regulate (调节) its temperature. Besides, research shows that race times are faster in cold weather than in warmer temperatures—and quicker runs burn more calories. Similarly, cold weather also makes the heart work harder to distribute blood through the body, making that vital muscle even stronger.
Outdoor exercise also turns up your energy and rids you of the stress and depression that build up every day. The heat and humidity in summer can drag you down and tire you faster, but cold weather is refreshing. It adjusts you to your surroundings, making you feel energetic.
Of course, the threat of smog in some builtup areas is a further problem to winter exercise. Heart attacks, strokes and lung cancer are all dangers of running in smog. The combination (结合) of air pollution and exercise increases the potential problems. If you do choose to run outside on smoggy days, take a path in a park or residential area to avoid polluted air, and go early in the morning, before rush hour. But staying inside on smoggy days and waiting for the next clear day to run is best.
【小题1】How does cold weather benefit runners compared with warm weather?A.They can run more slowly. | B.They can take in more calories. |
C.Their hearts can work harder. | D.Their body temperature can get lower. |
A.It makes runners tired easily. | B.It builds up their energy quickly. |
C.It lessens runners’ stress. | D.It causes heart attacks. |
A.Stop driving cars. | B.Run late in the morning. |
C.Do more exercise. | D.Avoid outdoor exercise. |
A.We can refresh ourselves with a winter run. |
B.We should go to run in a park everyday. |
C.It’s much better to take outdoor exercise in summer. |
D.We’d better run on treadmill to reduce stress. |
Have you ever considered all the English expressions that include words about clothes? Let’s have a look.
People wear pants to cover the lower part of their bodies. We sometimes say that people who are nervous have ants in their pants. Sometimes, people may get caught with their pants down, which means they are found doing something they should not be doing. And, in every family, one person takes control. Sometimes a wife tells her husband what to do. Then we say she wears the pants in the family.
Pants usually have pockets to hold things. Money that is likely to be spent quickly can burn a hole in your pocket. Sometimes you need a belt to hold up your pants. If you aren’t able to make ends meet and have less money than usual, you may have to tighten your belt.
I always praise people who can save their money and not spend too much. I really take my hat off to them. Yet, when it comes to my own money, I spend it at the drop of a hat, which means I immediately spend it.
Boots are a heavy or strong kind of shoes. People who are too big for their boots think they are more important than they really are. I dislike such people.
My father is a successful business man who runs a big computer company. He wears a suit and tie, and a shirt with sleeves that cover his arms. Some people who do not know him well think he is too serious and never shows his feelings openly. But I know that my father wears his heart on his sleeve.
【小题1】What is this passage mainly about?A.Some unfamiliar funny English expressions. |
B.Some English expressions related to clothes. |
C.The relationship between clothing and personality. |
D.The symbolic meaning of pants in English expression. |
A.Have ants in one’s pants. | B.Burn a hole in one’s pocket. |
C.Wear the pants in the family. | D.Get caught with one’s pants down. |
A.The person is short of money. | B.The person used to live a rich life. |
C.The person has done something wrong. | D.The person has put on the wrong pants. |
A.Shy and kind. | B.Strict and distant. |
C.Considerate and serious. | D.Easy-going and outspoken. |
Tips for the perfect selfie(自拍)
You can take a selfie with a hand-held digital camera or mobile phone and later share it on the Internet. So selfies have been especially popular over the years.
After all, the selfie is the most important way to show off on holiday. Everyone has his own way to take the holiday selfies. How can you take the best holiday selfies?
◆‘Food chew’ style
Want to let everyone know how exciting your holiday food choices are?
◆‘I’m so adventurous’ style
Rock climbing, hiking, surfing, or skiing?
◆‘I am cultured tourist’ style
A.Just taking a selfie against a famous cultural site makes you look great. |
B.Some people have no idea where to travel. |
C.According to a recent survey, half of the interviewees admitted to taking a selfie while on holiday. |
D.These adventurous holiday moments are great for a selfie. |
E.Different cultures have different characteristics of food. |
F.Hold up some food on your fork or chopsticks. |
G.Here are some useful posing tips for you. |
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